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Submitted: August 10, 2021 | Approved: September 07, 2021 | Published: September 08, 2021

How to cite this article: Chahkandi B, Gheibi M, Takhtravan A. Ranking of cadmium low amount measurement systems according to economic, environmental, and functional indicators using ELECTRE analytical method. Ann Civil Environ Eng. 2021; 5: 003-006.

DOI: 10.29328/journal.acee.1001028

Copyright License: © 2021 Chahkandi B, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Keywords: Cadmium; Decomposition methods; Economics; Environment; ELECTRE

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Ranking of cadmium low amount measurement systems according to economic, environmental, and functional indicators using ELECTRE analytical method

Benyamin Chahkandi1, Mohammad Gheibi2* and Amir Takhtravan3

1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
2Department of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3Department of Civil Engineering, Birjand University of Technology, Iran

*Address for Correspondence: Mohammad Gheibi, Department of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, Email: mohamadgheibi@ymail.com

Abstract
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Title Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion
References

Cadmium is one of the transition metals, known by the scientific name Cd. One of its main characteristics is the high toxicity, even in very little amounts. Cadmium is often released through industrial effluents, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and the burning of fossil fuels. Since the presence of cadmium ions in the living organisms’ body, especially humans, can cause serious damage to the liver and pancreas, and also because its role in causing cancer has been proven, measuring very low amounts of this metal is of high importance. In the first step, this study has reviewed and analyzed common laboratory methods for measuring small amounts of cadmium. Then, according to economic, environmental, feasibility, speed, and accuracy factors, all available methods were evaluated using the ELECTRE technique. The results showed that the extraction methods using Dowex Optipore V-493 resin and extraction system in Triton X-114 surfactant, placed in the first and second positions.

Introduction
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Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion

Today, environmental pollution is one of the most complex challenges of communities, environmental management, and control systems. Among these pollutants in water, soil, and air, the existence of different concentrations of heavy metals has to be mentioned. Meanwhile, among all heavy metals, cadmium is of special importance due to its acute and chronic epidemiological effects [1]. Low concentrations of cadmium are found at about 0.2 mg/kg of the lithosphere, 0.53 mg/kg of the soil surface, and 0.66 mg/kg of the dry weight of the edible plants [2]. Cadmium can leak into the environment through solid waste and wastewater of industries such as; Electroplating, plastics production, mining, alloy production, pigments, and batteries [3]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified cadmium as a major carcinogenic agent as well as renal failure [4]. On the other hand, due to the biomagnification and the cumulative effect of small amounts of cadmium in the upper species of the food chain, the importance of measuring small amounts of cadmium in real samples becomes more and more obvious [5]. Separation methods include precipitation, crystallization, freezing, evaporation, distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, droplet extraction, and so on. Due to the measurement limitations for low amounts of cadmium and the lack of decomposition devices, pre-concentration methods are popular. Due to the small amounts of analyte in the samples, different extraction methods have been employed for pre-concentration, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. In some methods, like liquid-liquid extraction long extraction time, and in some others, such as re-extraction along with solvent and activated carbon, a large volume of organic solvent and sample could be the disadvantage [6]. Hence, in recent years, microextraction methods by low sample consumption have been welcomed [7]. The present study also intends to prioritize small cadmium detection systems using the ELECTRE1 hierarchical analysis method and considering the economic, environmental, feasibility, speed, and accuracy of measurement systems.

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1ELimination Et Choice Translating REality

Materials and methods
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Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion
Cadmium measurement methods

Researchers and industries have used various methods to measure small amounts of cadmium. In this study, measurement methods and systems will be compared and evaluated based on economic, environmental, feasibility, speed, and accuracy indicators. These methods and systems are described in Table 1.

Table 1: Methods and systems for measuring low amounts of cadmium in the present study.
Methode Researchers description
A1 Jahromi et al. [8] In this method, after immediate injection of carbon tetrachloride extracting solvent, methanol dispersing solvent, and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC)  ligand into a certain volume of an aqueous solution containing cadmium ion, the cadmium-APDC non-polar complex is extracted in tetrachloride extracting solvent.
A2 Dadfarnia et al. [9] In this method, cadmium is reacted with anion I, which produces CdI42-, and to be able to extract the ionic complex into the organic phase, the opposite ion of methyltrioctylammonium chloride was used.
A3 Souza Dias et al. [10] In this method, bio sorbents modified with thiazol-resorcinol ligand (TAR) were used to pre-concentrate cadmium ions.
A4 Abbasi et al. [11] In this method, first cadmium and copper ions were reacted with a 3-aminophthalic hydrazide ligand and then the complexes formed on the surface of the mercury droplet electrode were analyzed.
A5 Xiang et al. [12] In this method, cadmium with iodide anion produces CdI42, which reacts with methyl green reagent to form a pair of non-polar ions that can be extracted in Triton X-114 surfactant.
A6 Li et al. [13] In this method, after the formation of a complex between cadmium and diethyldithiocarbamate ligand, 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate solvent was used as the extracting solvent.
A7 Melek et al. [14] In this method, after the reaction between cadmium and lead ions and dibenzyl dithiocarbamate ligand, Dowex Optipore V-493 resin was used to extract the desired complex.
A8 Parham et al. [15] The researchers used sulfur to pre-concentrate small amounts of lead and cadmium ions.
A9 Fang et al. [16] In this method, mold adsorbent of thiol-activated silica ion was used for selective preconcentration of cadmium ions.
A10 Tuzen et al. [17] In this method, after mixing the mentioned metals with pyridylazo naphthol ligand, chromosorbent resin adsorbent was used to pre-concentrate the complexes.
A11 Maranhao [18] In this method, after mixing the mentioned ions with a diethyl dithiophosphate ligand, the cloud point extraction method was used to pre-concentrate the samples.
A12 Xiang et al. [12] In this method, after creating an anion complex of cadmium ion and iodide ion, malachite green was used as the opposite ion.
A13 Mortada et al. [19] In this method, after creating a non-polar complex of cadmium ion and ligand 9˓-10-phenanthroquinone-monoethylthio-toxic carbazide, cloud point extraction based on micelle formation from Triton X-114 surfactant was used.
A14 Jafarvand et al. [20] In this method, after forming cadmium-ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex, a mixture of decanoic acid (extracting solvent) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran dispersant solvent was quickly injected into an aqueous solution, resulting in a non-polar complex in the decanoic acid extracting solvent.
A15 Zhang et al. [21] In this method, diethyl dithiophosphate was used as a complexing agent and after the formation of the complex, a mixture of carbon tetrachloride in methanol was used to pre-concentrate the complex of the mentioned metals.
Data analysis using ELECTRE method

ELECTRE (Elemination and Choice Expressing Reality) method is a multi-decision method first proposed by Benayoun and Roy in 1966. It is based on binary superiority comparisons between alternative decision points for each rating factor [22]. In this method concordance and discordance indexes are defined as measurements of satisfaction and dissatisfaction for decision maker in choosing one alternative over another. These indexes are then used to analyze the outranking relations among the alternatives [23] using following 8 steps [24].

1. Construct a decision matrix

2. Construct the normalized decision matrix

3. Calculate the weighted normalized decision matrix

4. Ascertainment of Concordance to Discordance set

5. Calculation of The Concordance and Discordance Matrices

6. Determine The Concordance and Discordance Dominance Matrix

7. Determine the aggregate dominance matrix

8. Eliminate the less favorable alternative and rank them

In this research, instead of ranking the options, we use a new concept called “non-ranking” [25,26]. For example, Ak → Al means that the DM and the risk analyst accept that option Ak is better than option At. First, with the help of Equation (1), we convert the decision matrix into a scaleless one.

n ij = r ij ∑ i=1 n r ij 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaaguart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqipCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadMgacaWGQbaabeaaliabg2da9maalaaabaGaamOCamaaBaaameaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaaleaadaGcaaqaamaaqahabaGaamOCamaaBaaameaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaWcdaahaaadbeqaaiaaikdaaaaabaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaoiabggHiLdaameqaaaaaaSqabaaaaa@4714@ (1)

The matrix of the Skl concordance set and the Dsub>kl discordance set will be calculated following equation (2) then the criterion of concordance between Asub>k and Asub>l will be estimated based on equation (3) which the higher value of I indicates the more appropriateness of Asub>k rather than Asub>l.

S kl ={ j| r kj ≥ r lj }    D kl ={ j| r kj < r lj } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaaguart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqkY=3jY=zkY=zkY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGtbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacaWGSbaabeaakiabg2da9maacmaabaGaamOAamaaeeaabaGaamOCamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGHLjYScaWGYbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadYgacaWGQbaabeaaaOGaay5bSdaacaGL7bGaayzFaaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaamiramaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaamiBaaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaGadaqaaiaadQgadaabbaqaaiaadkhadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaeyipaWJaamOCamaaBaaaleaacaWGSbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawEa7aaGaay5Eaiaaw2haaaaa@58DD@ (2)

I kl = ∑ J∈ S KL w j    ;    ∑ j=1 n w j =1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaaguart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqipCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaadMeadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiaadYgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0ZaaabuaeaacaWG3bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaai4oaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiamaaqahabaGaam4DamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbaabeaaaeaacaWGQbGaeyypa0JaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaa0GaeyyeIuoaaSqaaiaadQeacqGHiiIZcaWGtbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadUeacaWGmbaabeaaaSqab0GaeyyeIuoakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@5147@ (3)

The discordance matrix is formed using Equation (4) and the effective concordance matrix based on the minimum threshold of two binary array Boolean matrices named F and G, based on Equation (5).

N I kl = max j∈ D KL | V kj − V lj | max j∈J | V kj − V lj | MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaaguart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqipCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaad6eacaWGjbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacaWGSbaabeaakiabg2da9maalaaabaWaaCbeaeaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaSqaaiaadQgacqGHiiIZcaWGebWaaSbaaWqaaiaadUeacaWGmbaabeaaaSqabaGcdaabdaqaaiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0IaamOvamaaBaaaleaacaWGSbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawEa7caGLiWoaaeaadaWfqaqaaiGac2gacaGGHbGaaiiEaaWcbaGaamOAaiabgIGiolaadQeaaeqaaOWaaqWaaeaacaWGwbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacaWGQbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadAfadaWgaaWcbaGaamiBaiaadQgaaeqaaaGccaGLhWUaayjcSdaaaaaa@5CFA@ (4)

I ¯ = ∑ k=1 m ∑ l=1 m I k,l / m(m−1) if: I k,l ≥ I ¯ → f k,l =1 if: I k,l < I ¯ → f k,l =0     N ¯ I ¯ = ∑ k=1 m ∑ l=1 m N I k,l / m(m−1) if:N I k,l ≥ N ¯ I ¯ → g k,l =1 if:N I k,l < N ¯ I ¯ → g k,l =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaaguart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqkY=3jY=zkY=zkY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=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@AA85@ (5)

Finally, the overall h matrix, representing the order of relative preferences of the options, will be calculated using Equation (6).

h k,l = f k,l . g k,l MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaaguart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqkY=3jY=zkY=zkY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0=yr0RYxir=Jbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGObWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacaGGSaGaamiBaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacaGGSaGaamiBaaqabaGccaGGUaGaam4zamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaaiilaiaadYgaaeqaaaaa@437C@ (6)

Finally, it should be noted that all of the above mathematical relationships have been implemented in the MATLAB 2012b programming environment.

Results and discussion
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Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion

The analysis begins with scoring each parameter and studied options based on the five indicators of economic, environmental, feasibility, measurement speed, and accuracy. These scores have been obtained by asking from 9 experts in this field. The results are shown in Figure 1.

The ELECTRE calculations were performed on the above values. The results of the prioritization of the mentioned methods are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Ranking of different cadmium measuring methods.
Ranking of each method between all measuring systems Mesearment method
A1 12
A3 5
A3 9
A4 13
A5 2
A6 10
A7 1
A8 7
A9 15
A10 4
A11 3
A12 8
A13 11
A14 6
A15 14

As shown in the table 2 Options A7 (Dowex Optipore V-493) and A5 (Triton X-114 surfactant) are the first and second positions in the low cadmium metering methods ranking. In this prioritization, economic, environmental, feasibility, measurement speed, and accuracy indices have weights of 0.25, 0.2, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.3, respectively. On the other hand, options A7 and A5 have differences from other options in terms of these indicators. The distribution of the score difference between the A7 option and the other options in the economic indicators (A7-ECH) and measurement accuracy (A7-MEA) is shown in Figure 2.


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Figure 2: The difference between the economic and accuracy indicators of the A7 option to the other options.

Considering Figure 2; The A7 and A5 options are significantly different from the other options in terms of economic and measurement accuracy. The difference between the A7 and A5 options is the measurement speed, which creates better conditions for the A7 rather than the A5. Therefore, option A7 was ranked first and option A5 placed next. Malek, et al. (A7) used the solid phase extraction method to measure lead and cadmium ions. In this method, after the reaction between cadmium and lead ions and dibenzyl dithiocarbamate ligand, Dowex Optipore V-493 resin was used to extract the desired complex. After extracting the complex on the resin surface, a solution of nitric acid in acetone was used to wash the resin. Finally, the eluent was injected into an atomic flame absorption device to measure cadmium and lead ions. Zhang, et al. (A5) also used a cloud point extraction method with a flame atomic absorption measurement system to measure small amounts of cadmium. In this method, cadmium with iodide anion produces CdI42-, which reacts with methyl green reagent to form a pair of non-polar ions that can be extracted in Triton X-114 surfactant. After centrifugation and separation of the organic phase from the aqueous one, the amount of cadmium in the sample is measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Conclusion
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Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion

Cadmium is one of the toxic and allergenic metals that is found in the effluent of many industries, including machinery, plating, etc. Small amounts of this metal also have the possibility of biological accumulation and magnification in the body of living organisms and make them face various biological problems. Thus, the measurement of small amounts of cadmium, which is out of the accuracy range of measuring devices, becomes obvious. This study first conducted a library study of different methods for measuring small amounts of cadmium and prioritized these measurement methods using the ELECTRE analytical technique. The results of comparisons and analyzes showed that using Dowex Optipore V-493 resin and the extraction system in Triton X-114 surfactant is more reliable than all other methods of measuring small amounts of cadmium.

References
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Title Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion
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