Abstract

Research Article

Quantifying Levels of Selected Metals in Different Rice Brands

Jamila M Machano, Abdul AJ Mohamed* and Said S Bakar

Published: 29 August, 2024 | Volume 8 - Issue 1 | Pages: 072-075

This research focused on assessing the levels of selected metal contamination in seven different rice brands (Jasmine, Basmati, Mapembe, Morogoro, Shinyanga, Mbeya, and Cheju). Cheju rice was obtained from local producers from the Cheju area in Zanzibar, while the remaining rice brands namely, Jasmine, Basmati, Mapembe, Morogoro, Shinyanga, and Mbeya were randomly taken from local markets at Darajani and Mwanakwerekwe in Zanzibar. Samples were prepared in accordance with applicable Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) and laboratory SOPs using information provided by field sample preparation. The samples were ground to fineness and an aliquot of about 10.0 g was measured on the beam balance and mounted on the sample holders for laboratory analysis. An Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique with a Rigaku NEX CG EDXRF model spectrometer was used for metal analysis. The study revealed that the percentage of metal contamination varied considerably from one rice brand to another, with Basmati and Jasmine rice each exhibiting a contamination level of 50%, while Shinyanga, Mbeya, Mapembe, and Cheju rice showed a level of 25% each. Notably, Morogoro rice had no observable heavy metal contamination. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was observed between several metal pairs: Au and Cr (r² = 1.00), Au and Ti (r² = 0.613), Cr and Ti (r² = 0.613), Ni and Pb (r² = 0.748), Ni and Hf (r² = 0.660), Pb and Hf (r² = 0.656), and Ti and Sn (r² = 0.671). The individual occurrence (percentage) for metals across all rice brands were as follows: 71.42% for Sn, and 28.57% for Hf, Ni, Pb, and Ti, while traces of Au, Cr, and Y each had an occurrence level of 14.28%. While Morogoro rice showed no metal discernible analyzed heavy metal contamination, the other rice brands were observed to have a considerable heavy metal contamination trend. The patterns of metal occurrence in each rice brand were observed as follows: Basmati: Sn > Ti > Au > Cr; Jasmine: Sn > Hf > Ni > Pb; Shinyanga: Sn > Pb; Mbeya: Sn > Hf; Mapembe: Sn > Ti; Cheju: Ni > Y. The patterns, then yield the ranking of metal contamination across all seven rice brands from lowest to highest is as follows: Morogoro < (Mapembe, Cheju, Mbeya, Shinyanga) < (Jasmine, Basmati). Furthermore, the data analysis indicated that the concentrations of Cr (1.08 mg/Kg), Ni (4.65 mg/Kg), and Pb (3.05 mg/Kg) detected in the samples surpassed the maximum permissible limits established by WHO/FAO which were 1.0 mg/Kg, 0.10 mg/Kg and 0.20 mg/Kg respectively. Consequently, the study concludes that Morogoro rice is the most superior and considered the safest choice for consumption, while Jasmine and Basmati rice are associated with higher levels of metal contamination. Thus, it is highly recommended that Tanzania intensify its rice cultivation efforts to reduce reliance on rice imports from other nations.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.acee.1001070 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Hafnium; Lead; Titanium; Mapembe; Basmati; Cheju

References

  1. Chan M. Food safety must accompany food and nutrition security. Lancet. 2014 Nov 29;384(9958):1910-1. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62037-7
  2. Fukagawa NK, Ziska LH. Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2019;65(Supplement):S2-S3. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.65.S2. PMID: 31619630. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.65.s2
  3. Mosleh MK, Hassan QK, Chowdhury EH. Application of remote sensors in mapping rice area and forecasting its production: a review. Sensors (Basel). 2015 Jan 5;15(1):769-91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/s150100769
  4. Saleem MH, Ali S, Seleiman MF, Rizwan M, Rehman M, Akram NA, et al. Assessing the Correlations between Different Traits in Copper-Sensitive and Copper-Resistant Varieties of Jute (Corchorus capsularis). Plants (Basel). 2019 Nov 26;8(12):545. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120545
  5. Saleem MH, Fahad S, Rehman M, Saud S, Jamal Y, Khan S, et al. Morpho-physiological traits, biochemical response and phytoextraction potential of short-term copper stress on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) seedlings. PeerJ. 2020 Jan 30;8:e8321. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8321
  6. Cong W, Miao Y, Xu L, Zhang Y, Yuan C, Wang J, et al. Transgenerational memory of gene expression changes induced by heavy metal stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BMC Plant Biol. 2019 Jun 27;19(1):282. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1887-7
  7. Wei R, Chen C, Kou M, Liu Z, Wang Z, Cai J, et al. Heavy metal concentrations in ricethat meet safety standards can still pose a risk to human health. Communications earth & environment. 2023: 4(84), 723-727.
  8. Fuller R, Landrigan PJ, Balakrishnan K, Bathan G, Bose-O'Reilly S, Brauer M, et al. Pollution and health: a progress update. Lancet Planet Health. 2022 Jun;6(6):e535-e547. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0. Epub 2022 May 18. Erratum in: Lancet Planet Health. 2022 Jul;6(7):e553. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00090-0
  9. Garbinski LD, Rosen BP, Chen J. Pathways of arsenic uptake and efflux. Environ Int. 2019 May;126:585-597. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.058. Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 30852446; PMCID: PMC6472914. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.058
  10. Zhao K, Fu W, Ye Z, Zhang C. Contamination and spatial variation of heavy metals in the soil-rice system in Nanxun County, Southeastern China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Jan 28;12(2):1577-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201577
  11. Chamannejadian A, Sayyad G, Moezzi A, Jahangiri A. Evaluation of estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium and lead for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in calcareous soils. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2013 Apr 8;10(1):28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-10-28
  12. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ.Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment. EXS, 2012:101, 133–164.
  13. Tumolo M, Ancona V, De Paola D, Losacco D, Campanale C, Massarelli C, et al. Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 28;17(15):5438. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155438
  14. Kumar A, Kumar A, M M S CP, Chaturvedi AK, Shabnam AA, et al. Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 25;17(7):2179. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072179
  15. Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. Pb neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:840547. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/840547
  16. Poonkothai M, Vijayavathi S. Nickel as an essential element and a toxicant, International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology. 2012: 1(4), 285-288.
  17. Falah SA, Saja NM. Essential Trace Elements and Their Vital Roles in Human Body. Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science. 2017: 5(3), 127-136. Available online at ijacskros.com. (in table)
  18. Widowati S. Karakteristik Beras Instan Fungsional dan Peranannya dalam Menghambat Kerusakan Pankreas. Jurnal Pangan Edisi No. 52/XVII/Oktober-Desember/2008.
  19. Ok YS, Usman AR, Lee SS, Abd El-Azeem SA, Choi B, Hashimoto Y, Yang JE. Effects of rapeseed residue on lead and cadmium availability and uptake by rice plants in heavy metal contaminated paddy soil. Chemosphere. 2011 Oct;85(4):677-82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.073
  20. Ashraf U, Hussain S, Anjum SA, Abbas F, Tanveer M, Noor MA, et al. Alterations in growth, oxidative damage, and metal uptake of five aromatic rice cultivars under lead toxicity. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2017 Jun;115:461-471. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.019
  21. Zulkafflee NS, Mohd Redzuan NA, Hanafi Z, Selamat J, Ismail MR, Praveena SM, et al. Heavy Metal in Paddy Soil and its Bioavailability in Rice Using In Vitro Digestion Model for Health Risk Assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Nov 28;16(23):4769. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234769
  22. Szkup-Jabłońska M, Karakiewicz B, Grochans E, Jurczak A, Nowak-Starz G, et al. Effects of blood lead and cadmium levels on the functioning of children with behaviour disorders in the family environment. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(2):241-6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22742795/
  23. Norton GJ, Williams PN, Adomako EE, Price AH, Zhu Y, Zhao FJ, et al. Lead in rice: analysis of baseline lead levels in market and field collected rice grains. Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jul 1;485-486:428-434. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.090
  24. Goyer R. Issue Paper on the Human Health Effects of Metals. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Forum. Washington, DC. 2004.
  25. Halder D, Saha JK, Biswas A. Accumulation of essential and non-essential trace elements in rice grain: Possible health impacts on rice consumers in West Bengal, India. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Mar 1;706:135944. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135944
  26. Report of the 29th session of the codex Alimentarius commission. 2006: Rome; Report No.: ALINORM 06/29/41. http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Reports/Alinorm06/al29_03e.pdf
  27. Hasan GMMA, Das AK, Satter MA. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Rice (Oryza sativa. L) Grains Cultivated in Three Major Industrial Areas of Bangladesh. J Environ Public Health. 2022 Mar 8;2022:1836597. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1836597
  28. WHO/FAO. codex alimentarius commission committee on standard programme for contaminants in foods. Fifth session, document CX/CF 07/1/6, 21-25 march, 2011. Available online: http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Meetings/CCCF/CCCF5/cf0 5_INF.pdf
  29. Menghua X, Yuanyuan L. Distribution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals under Reclaimed Water Irrigation and Water Level Regulations in Paddy Field. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 2022: 31(3), 2355-2365.
  30. Tegegne B, Chandravanshi BS, Zewge F. Levels of selected metals in commercially available rice in Ethiopia. International Food Research Journal. 2017: 24(2), 711-719.
  31. Tatah Mentan M, Nyachoti S, Scott L, Phan N, Okwori FO, et al. Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Nov 3;17(21):8128. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218128
  32. Mohammed NK.Nuclear Techniques Applied to Biological Samples from Tanzania to Monitor the Nutritional Status of Children. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences. University of Surrey. 2008.

Figures:

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?